Dawn Sandalcidi will be a keynote speaker at HWConnect 2025 on March 28-30, 2025. You can also join her in upcoming courses: Pediatric Pelvic Floor, Diaphragm, and Postural Development: Intro to Core Function and Continence in Children on September 29th, Pediatrics Level 1 -Treatment of Bowel and Bladder Disorders on October 26-27, or Pediatrics Level 2 - Advanced Pediatric Bowel and Bladder Disorders on November 2-3.

As physical and occupational therapists, we aim to provide the best possible care for our young patients by understanding and addressing the underlying mechanisms affecting their health. The diaphragm is one of the most important yet often overlooked structures. This muscle plays critical roles in both respiratory and postural functions and has far-reaching implications for the stability and health of children.

In this blog, we’ll explore the anatomy, function, and clinical relevance of the diaphragm, its connections to the pelvic floor muscles, and the broader implications for pediatric therapy.

Dawn is debuting a new course, Pediatric Postural Development, with Herman & Wallace on September 29, 2024.

Most physical and occupational therapists learn about one diaphragm in school: the respiratory diaphragm. But did you know that Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine recognizes 5 different diaphragms within the body? They include tentorium cerebelli, tongue, thoracic outlet, respiratory diaphragm, and pelvic floor. (1)

The intricate myofascial connections between all these diaphragms are fascinating! But as a pediatric pelvic floor therapist, what’s the significance of these connections when you look at kids’ functional mobility and strength?

Dawn Sandalcidi PT, RCMT, BCB-PMD is a trailblazer and leading expert in the field of pediatric pelvic floor disorders. Dawn is a national and international speaker in the field. In addition to lecturing internationally on pediatric bowel and bladder disorders, You can join Dawn Sandalcidi with HW in her courses, Pediatrics Level 1 - Treatment of Bowel and Bladder and Pediatrics Level 2 - Advanced Pediatric Bowel and Bladder Disorders. Her next HW course, Pediatrics Level 1, is scheduled for February 3-4 and still has seats available for registration.

In the realm of pediatric pelvic health, the issue of urinary and fecal leakage is a subject that demands a nuanced understanding. Too often, these incidents are dismissed as mere "accidents," inadvertently subjecting children to shame and stigma. It's crucial to recognize that in many cases, children are grappling with conditions such as enuresis and encopresis, which are not behavioral issues or mistakes but rather manifestations of underlying health issues. In this blog, we'll explore the issue of the most common pediatric bowel and bladder disorders, the challenges faced by both parents and healthcare professionals and the need for a holistic approach to treatment.

Understanding the Scope of Pediatric Incontinence

Enuresis and encopresis are clinical terms used to describe involuntary urine and fecal leakage, respectively, in children beyond the age when such control is typically expected. Contrary to common misconceptions, these occurrences are not the result of a child's intentional mistake. Instead, they often signal underlying physiologic disturbances as well as pelvic floor and core dysfunction, which can have wide-ranging effects on a child's physical and psychological well-being.

Dawn Sandalcidi PT, RCMT, BCB-PMD is a trailblazer and leading expert in the field of pediatric pelvic floor disorders. She graduated from SUNY Upstate Medical Center in 1982 and is actively seeing patients in her clinic Physical Therapy Specialists, Centennial CO. Additionally, she runs an online teaching and mentoring platform for parents and professionals at www.kidsbowelbladder.com.

Dawn is a national and international speaker in the field, and she has gained so much from sharing experiences with her colleagues around the globe. In addition to lecturing internationally on pediatric bowel and bladder disorders, You can join Dawn Sandalcidi with H&W in her courses, Pediatrics Level 1 - Treatment of Bowel and Bladder Disorders and Pediatrics Level 2 - Advanced Pediatric Bowel and Bladder Disorders. This year H&W is excited to announce that Dawn will be teaching live for the first time since 2020, join her at the Pediatrics Level 1 course in Syracuse NY on June 3-4, 2023.

Dawn Sandalcidi, PT, RCMT, BCB-PMD can be found online at https://kidsbowelbladder.com/. Dawn is a long time instructor with Herman & Wallace and has generously shared her recent blog with The Pelvic Rehab Report. "Stool Withholding And Core Activation" can be found in its original post on her website here: https://kidsbowelbladder.com/stool-withholding-and-core-activation/.

What do they have in common?
About 9-12% of children suffer from functional constipation, which is the vicious cycle of retained stool causing rectal distention and subsequent loss of sensation and urge to defecate, which results in further stool retention. The exact physiologic causes for functional constipation are not completely understood.

We know the bowel absorbs water constantly. The longer stool sits in the rectum, the harder it becomes. For some children, this leads to very large stools that are uncomfortable or difficult to eliminate. In turn, these children may practice something called stool withholding (which may be the reason stool was sitting in the rectum too long in the first place).

The following post comes from Dawn Sandalcidi PT, RCMT, BCB-PMD author and instructor of the Pediatric Incontinence and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction course, and the more recent follow-up course, Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Dawn has developed a pediatric dysfunctional voiding treatment program in which she lectures on nationally. She has further studied pediatric conditions in post graduate work at Regis University. Dawn has published articles in the Journal of Urologic Nursing, the Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy, and the Journal of Women’s Health Physical Therapy.

Growing up, I was blessed to be around children with Cerebral Palsy (CP), which stimulated my desire to become a physical therapist, a career that I love more now than when I started nearly 38 years ago!

Did you know….

The incidence of Cerebral Palsy in Nepal is estimated to be over 60,000. The Self -Help Group for CP estimate that 80% of children (and adults) also present with bowel and bladder leakage which significantly affects their quality of life and leads to infections and other medical complications. Additionally, a recent pilot study revealed an incidence of urinary leakage in school children aged 10-16 years at 73%, as compared to 6-13% in developed countries. This has shown me a clear and meaningful need to help CP kids in Nepal who are tragically affected.

For over 25 years my practice has had a focus on children suffering from bloating, gas, abdominal pain, fecal incontinence and constipation. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGID) are disorders of the brain -gut interaction causing motility disturbance, visceral hypersensitivity, altered immune function, gut microbiota and CNS processing. (Hyams et al 2016). Did you know that children who experience chronic constipation that do not get treated have a 50% chance of having issues for life?

The entire GI system is as amazing as it is and complicated. Its connection to the nervous system is fascinating, making it a very sensitive system. In her book GUT, Giulia Enders talks about Ninety percent of the serotonin we need comes from our gut! The psychological ramifications of ignoring the problem are too great (Chase et el 2018). Last year an 18-year-old patient of mine had to decline a scholarship to an Ivy League University because she needed to live at home due to her bowel management problem.

Unfortunately, FGID conditions can lead to suicide and death. Over 15 years ago my children’s pediatrician told me about an 11-year-old boy who hung himself because he had encopresis. In 2016 a 16-year-old girl suffered a cardiac arrest and died because of constipation.

“What's wrong with children?”

As pelvic health physical therapists we take care of people suffering from bladder and bowel incontinence and/or dysfunction as well as pre-natal/ post-partum back pain, weak core muscles and pelvic pain. I was approached over 30 years ago by a urologist to take care of his pediatric patients. My reply: “What’s wrong with children?” It’s been a whirlwind of learning since that day!

Pediatric pelvic floor dysfunction is common and can have significant consequences on quality of life for the child and the family, as well as negative health consequences to the lower urinary tract if left untreated.

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, by 5 years of age, over 90% of children have daytime bladder control (NIDDK, 2013) What is life like for the other 10% who experience urinary leakage during the day?

How often have you heard that bedwetting was behavioral or caused by deep sleep and your child would outgrow it? 15% of children per year will “outgrow” bedwetting. What if your child is in the percentile at the end of that range?

Facts:

• Bedwetting affects 15% of girls and 22% of boys
• 5 - 7 Million US children
• Boys are 50% more likely than girls to wet the bed
• 10% of 6 year olds continue to wet
• Spontaneous cure rate 15% per year thereafter
• 1-3% of 18 year olds still wet their beds
• Less than 50% of all bedwetting children have bedwetting alone, without also experiencing daytime urinary leakage or constipation
• Bedwetting is genetic – if one parent was a bed wetter the child has a 40% chance of wetting the bed and if both parents were bedwetters the percentile goes up to 77%

Myths:

• Your child is lazy
• Your child is doing this to get attention
• Your child is just a deep sleeper
• You must wait to grow out of it

Research from the International Children’s Continence Society (ICCS) is a great resource for exploring the research on this topic and other pediatric voiding issues. www.i-c-c-s.org

What causes Bedwetting?

There are many philosophies discussed in the research. Here are some listed below:

The following post comes to us from long-time faculty member Dawn Sandalcidi PT, RCMT, BCB-PMD! Dawn is a figurehead in the world of pediatric pelvic floor, she teaches Pediatric Incontinence and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction (available three times in 2016) and she just completed the 2nd edition of the Pediatric Pelvic Floor Manual!! Today Dawn is sharing her insights an urotherapy for pediatric patients.

If you read any papers on pediatric bowel and bladder dysfunction you will often come across the word "urotherapy". It is by definition a conservative based management based program used to treat lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction using a variety of health care professionals including the physician, Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists and Registered Nurses.

Basic urotherapy includes education on the anatomy and function of the LUT, behavior modifications including fluid intake, timed or scheduled voids, toilet postures and avoidance of holding maneuvers, diet, bladder irritants and constipation. This needs to be tailored to the patients’ needs. For example a child with an underactive bladder needs to learn how to sense urge and listen to their body and a child who postpones a void needs to be on a voiding schedule. Urotherapy alone can be helpful however a recent study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in uroflow, pelvic floor muscle electromyography activity during a void, urinary urgency, daytime wetting and reduced post void residual (PVR) in those patients who received pelvic floor muscle training as compared to Urotherapy alone. This is great news for all of us who are qualified to teach pelvic floor muscle exercise!